PSY 102: Introduction to Psychology

Access the tutorial below for step-by-step instructions on how to write an annotated bibliography. 

As you search in the library, you will find articles that fall into three general categories: Scholarly, Trade, and Popular. See below for more information about distinguishing between each category and tips for filtering for the different articles in library databases.

Scholarly articles are the most common articles you'll find when searching in the Library and are often needed for course assignments and discussion boards:

• Written by experts in a field, such as scholars and researchers
• Intended for other experts and scholars to share new research, discoveries, or ideas
• Peer-reviewed by other experts in the field to ensure the information and research methods are credible
• Include in-text citations and/or a list of references at the end of the paper showing the sources the author(s) used when writing the article

Click the image to see the article in a database.

For more help understanding academic articles, watch this video:

Professional or trade articles are often found in industry-specific magazines and websites.

• Written by industry members or journalists
• Intended for other members of the industry
• Share news and recent breakthroughs that affect the industry
• Articles are often reviewed and proofread by a magazine editor before publication (not peer-reviewed)
• Few or no citations within the article
• Examples: Harvard Business Review, Automotive Industries, and HR Magazine

Click the image to see the article in a database.

Popular articles are found on websites and in newspapers and magazines, often through a search engine like Google.

• Often written by journalists, although some articles may not list an author
• Intended for a general audience with little or no knowledge of the subject
• Share general information, such as news about current events
• May be reviewed by an editor before publication (though not always, depending on the source)
• Few or no citations within the article
• Examples: newspapers (i.e. The New York Times or The Wall Street Journal) and magazines (i.e. Time or Wired)

Click the image to see the article on the WSJ website.

Use these questions to determine whether the source is credible. Many websites are not "good" or "bad," but somewhere in the middle. These questions will help you decide whether the website is trustworthy.

Who created it?

• Who wrote or created the content?
• Is there an "about us" page? What does it tell you about who created the content?
• Are they an expert on the topic? How can you tell if they're an expert? [Tip: Google their name to see if you can find out anything else about them.]
• Example: A health article on nutrition from the Mayo Clinic website, written by a licensed nutritionist, is more credible than a blog post on a health food company website.

When was it created?

• When was the web page created? Or do you know when it was last updated?
• Was it published recently? Can you tell how old the information is? [Tip: For some topics, this is very important.]
• Example: A technology news article updated within the past month would be more up-to-date (and credible) than a social media post from 2020.

Who sponsors the information?

• Who funds the web page?
• Is there an "about us" page? What does it tell you about the organization sponsoring the information?
• Do they have any conflicts of interest? [Tip: Google the organization to see if you can find any other information about them.]
• Example: An article that includes exercise guidelines from the American Heart Association, funded by a reputable nonprofit, is different than a fitness blog that recommends a specific protein powder and is sponsored by the company that makes it.

Is it relevant to the current need?

• Is the information relevant to your topic or assignment? 
• What is the purpose of the website or information? Entertainment? Education? Something else?
• Example: Relevancy is contextual! A peer-reviewed article on climate change would likely be more credible than a news source on hybrid cars for a Biology paper. But the news source could be more relevant for a marketing class if you're researching changes in market share.

Is it correct or well-supported?

• Does the source cite other sources or provide evidence?
• Can you verify the information using other sources?
• Example: A science article that references peer-reviewed studies is more accurate than a social media post making bold claims without any sources.