Annotated Bibliographies in APA

Annotated bibliographies have two main components for each source: the citation and the annotation.

The citation is a reference to the source of information used for the piece of writing. The citation should be formatted according to APA rules and guidelines, the same as if you were creating a citation for your references page.

An annotation, by definition, is a short explanation or note added to a text or image.

For an annotated bibliography specifically, the annotation is a brief summary and evaluation of a source that is written as a short paragraph, usually around one paragraph and 150 words. Specific assignments or professors may call for different information or a different length, so make changes where necessary when completing your assignment. The main parts of the annotation consist of the following: the content or focus of the source, the source's relevance to your research, and an evaluation of the source's methods, conclusions, and reliability. Components will be broken down farther below. 

Briefly describe the main argument, purpose, or findings of the source. Answer the following question: What is this source about?

Assess the credibility, reliability, and relevance of the source. Consider the following:

• Is the author qualified to write on this subject? What are their credentials?
• Is the source published by a reputable organization?
• Does the source present information objectively, or are there signs of bias? 
• Does the source provide references to other credible sources?
• Are all claims backed up by data or research?
• Is the information up-to-date (some fields, like medicine and education, require current sources)?
• Is the information consistent with other reputable sources?
• Has the source undergone fact-checking or peer review?
• Does the source directly address your research question or topic?
• Is the source to broad or too detailed for your needs?
• Is the audience appropriate for your academic or professional purpose?

Explain how the source relates to your research. Does it support or challenge your argument? How will you use it?

Consider the following factors:

• Does the title suggest a direct connection to your topic (if available, read the abstract or summary to see if it covers an aspect of your research question)?
• If the source is from a database, check assigned keywords or subject headings to see if they match your topic.
• Look for relevant themes, concepts, or data that align with your research needs.
• The central claim or purpose of the source should be identified.
• Ask yourself if the source provides useful information, support, or counterarguments for your topic.