APA 7th Edition Citation Guide
Video and Audio

If there are multiple production studios, separate them with semi-colons.

Use a time stamp instead of page numbers for in-text citations.

Reference Page Format:

Director, A. A. (Director). (Year). Title of film [Film]. Studio A; Studio B (if necessary); Studio C (if necessary). 

Reference Page Example:

Bush, J., & Howard, B. (Directors). (2021). Encanto [Film]. Walt Disney Pictures; Walt Disney Animation Studios.

In-text Citation Examples:

Bush and Howard (2021) showed that ...

...(Bush & Howard, 2021).

...(Bush & Howard, 2021, 23:55).

Reference Page Format:

Writer, A. A. (Writer), Director, B. B. (Director). (Year, Month Day aired). Title of Episode (Season #, Episode #) [TV series episode]. In Executive Producer, A. A. (Executive Producer), Title of show. Production Company A; Production Company B; Production Company C. 

Reference Page Example:

Trefry, K. (Writer) & Antal, N. (Director). (2022, May 27). Chapter Five: The Nina Project (Season 4, Episode 5) [TV series episode]. In The Duffer Brothers, Levy, S., Cohen, D., Holland, C., Wright, B., Thunell, M., Gajdusek, K., Paterson, I., & Gwinn, C. (Executive Producers). (2016-present). Stranger things [TV series]. 21 Laps Entertainment; Monkey Massacre.

In-text Citation Example:

...(Trefry & Antal, 2022).

For videos from most streaming sites (e.g. YouTube, Vimeo) use the name of the account which uploaded the video.

If you want to include the name of a speaker who would not appear in an in-text citation, you can include their name within your paper (see example below)

Use a time stamp instead of page numbers for in-text citations.

Reference Page Format:

Uploader. (Year, Month Day uploaded). Title of video [Video]. Website. URL

Reference Page Example:

TED. (2011, May 2). Beware online "filter bubbles:" Eli Pariser [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B8ofWFx525s

In-text Citation Examples:

Pariser shared his belief that the internet should expose us to ideas that challenge us (TED, 2011).

...(TED, 2011).

...(TED, 2011, 8:13).

For videos from sites that are not dedicated to streaming, use the below format.

Use a time stamp instead of page numbers for in-text citations.

Reference Page Format:

Creator or Speaker. (Year, Month Day). Title of video [Video]. Website. URL 

Reference Page Example:

Pariser, E. (2011, March). Beware online "filter bubbles" [Video]. TED Conferences. https://www.ted.com/talks/eli_pariser_beware_online_filter_bubbles

In-text Citation Examples:

...(Pariser, 2011).

...(Pariser, 2011, 4:23).

Reference Page Format:

Producer or Host, A. A. (Producer or Host)  (Year range). Title [Audio podcast]. Website. URL

Reference Page Example:

Koenig, S., & Snyder, J. (Producers). (2014-present). Serial [Audio podcast]. WBEZ Chicago. https://serialpodcast.org/

In-text Citation Examples:

Koenig et al. (2014-present) based their program on ...

...(Koenig et al., 2014-present).

Reference Page Format:

Host, A. A. (Producer or Host)  (Year, Month Day). Episode title (No. #) [Audio podcast episode]. In Podcast Title. Website/Production Company. URL

Reference Page Example:

Koenig, S. (Host). (2014, October 3). The Alibi (No. 1) [Audio podcast episode]. In Serial. WBEZ Chicago. https://serialpodcast.org/season-three/1/a-bar-fight-walks-into-the-justice-center

In-text Citation Examples:

Koenig (2014) shared that ...

...(Koenig, 2014).

Music album citations include information such as the artist/group, year, title of the album, and record label. If there are multiple record labels, separate them with semi-colons.

Classical albums are cited slightly differently. Composers are listed instead of performers and should include information such as recording information and the year the original work was published. 

Music albums with the original and recorded year should include both years within in-text citations.

Reference Page Format:

Recording Artist or Group (Year). Title of the album [Album]. Record Label.

Composer, C. C. (Year). Title of the album [Album recorded by...]. Record Label (Original work published... ). 

Reference Page Example:

BTS. (2022). Proof [Album]. Big Hit Music.

Berg, A. (2006). Lulu [Album recorded by the English National Opera]. Chandos. (Original work published 1937)

In-text Citation Examples:

... (BTS, 2022).

... (Berg, 1937/2006).

Similar to music albums, songs are cited differently if they are considered "Classical" or not. See below for the differences and examples.

If the songwriter and recording artist/group are the same, no need to include the brackets after the song title.

Reference Page Format:

Songwriter, S. S. (Year). Song title [Recorded by A. A. Artist/Group Name]. On Title of the album [Album]. Record Label.

Composer, C. C. (Year). Song title [Song recorded by]. On Title of the album. Record Label. (Original work published...). 

Reference Page Example:

Suga, Pdogg, RM, MAX, Gleyzer, D., & J-Hope (2022). Yet to Come (The Most Beautiful Moment) [Recorded by BTS]. On Proof [Album]. Big Hit Music.

Berg, A. (2006). Act I Scene 1: Am I trespassing? [Song recorded by the English National Opera]. On Lulu. Chandos. (Original work published 1937)

In-text Citation Examples:

...(Suga et al., 2022).

...(Berg, 1937/2006).